|
发表于 2022-11-5 10:04:31
|
显示全部楼层
Buffett: How Inflation Swin dles the Equity Investor
在通货膨胀环境中,股票的表现如同债券一样糟糕,这已经不再是个秘密。在过去10年的大多数时间里,我们就是在这种环境下度过的,这段时间可以说是股票投资的黑暗时期。但是,股票市场表现之所以如此糟糕,其中的原由至今却未能得到充分诠释。
It is no longer a secret that stocks, like bonds, do poorly in an inflationary environment. We have been in such an environment for most of the past decade, and it has indeed been a time of troubles for stocks. But the reasons for the stock market's problems in this period are still imperfectly understood.
置身于通胀中的债券持有人会遭遇麻烦,这是路人皆知的事实。随着美元价值月复一月的贬值,你也可以非常肯定地指出,以美元计价和支付的债券不再可能成为大赢家。根本不需要经济学博士学位都能理解这一点。
There is no mystery at all about the problems of bondholders in an era of inflation. When the value of the dollar deteriorates month after month, a security with income and principal payments denominated in those dollars isn’t going to be a big winner. You hardly need a Ph.D. in economics to figure that one out.
然而,股票一直被认为是不一样的。很年以来,有一种根深蒂固的观点坚持认为,股票是通胀的一种对冲工具。股票和债券不一样,是可以抵御美元贬值,因为其代表了具有生产能力的上市公司所有权。投资人却坚信,就算政客们可以按他们的意愿印钞票,但股票却依然能体现其资产真实的价值。
It was long assumed that stocks were something else. For many years, the conventional wisdom insisted that stocks were a hedge against inflation. The proposition was rooted in the fact that stocks are not claims against dollars, as bonds are, but represent ownership of companies with productive facilities. These, investors believed, would retain their value in real terms; let the politicians print money as they might.
为什么股市并没有按照上述观点运行呢?我认为最主要的原因是,就其经济特性而言,股票其实非常类似于债券。
And why didn’t it turn out that way? The main reason, I believe, is that stocks, in economic substance, are really very similar to bonds.
我知道许多投资人对这种理念感到难以理解,他们也许会指出,债券的回报(利率)是固定的,而上市公司的净资产收益率(也可称为公司盈利)每年的波动变化是相当明显。太正确了!但如果有人审视一下自二战以来公司赚取的总数据情况,就会发现这样一个不同寻常的事实——上市公司的净资产收益率这么多年来变化并不大。
I know that this belief will seem eccentric to many investors. They will immediately observe that thereturn on a bond (the coupon) is fixed, while the return on an equity investment (the company’s earnings) can vary substantially from one year to another. True enough. But anyone who examines the aggregate returns that have been earned by companies during the postwar years will discover something extraordinary: the returns on equity have in fact not varied much at all.
收益率“被黏住了”
The coupon is sticky
在截止1955年的二战后头十年,道琼斯工业指数成分股以每年年底的净资产总值计算,其平均年净资产收益率为12.8%,在随后的十年中,这一数字是10.1%;在第三个十年里,收益率为10.9%。如果把上市公司范围扩大,财富500强(这些上市公司的历史数据可追溯到20世纪50年代中期)成分股的数据看,结论很相似——截至1965年的十年中,平均净资产 收益率是11.2%,截至1975年的十年中,平均 净资产收益率是11.8%。在一些个别年份里,可能出现一些明显偏高的数值(财富500强的 净资产 收益率最高值为1974年的14.1%)或偏低的数值( 净资产 收益率最低值为1958年和1970年的9.5%),但如果以数年计,净资产收益率的平均值回到到12%的水平线。即使是在通胀的年份里,也没有任何迹象表明,该指标能大幅超越这个水平(在价格平稳的年份里也一样)。
In the first 10 years after the war — the decade ending in 1955 — the Dow Jones industrials had an average annual return on year-end equity of 12.8%. In the second decade, the figure was 10.1%. In the third decade it was 10.9%. Data for a larger universe, the Fortune 500 (whose history goes back only to the mid-1950s), indicate somewhat similar results: 11.2% in the decade ending in 1965, 11.8% in the decade through 1975. The figures for a few exceptional years have been substantially higher (the high for the 500 was 14.1% in 1974) or lower (9.5% in 1958 and 1970), but over the years, and in the aggregate, the return in book value tends to keep coming back to a level around 12%. It shows no signs of exceeding that level significantly in inflationary years (or in years of stable prices, for that matter).
先停一下,让我们思考一下那些同样具备生产能力的非上市企业。我们假设这些企业的股东是以净资产账面价值收购它们的,在这种情况下,他们的回报就应该是同样的12%。由于净资产收益率是如此的稳定,有理由将该指标视为一种“股票利息”。
For the moment, let’s think of those companies, not as listed stocks, but as productive enterprises. Let’s also assume that the owners of those enterprises had acquired them at book value. In that case, their own return would have been around 12% too. And because the return has been so consistent, it seems reasonable to think of it as an “equity coupon.”
解读:曾经有记者向巴菲特提问,如果只能选择一种估值指标,会选哪一个指标来进行投资?这位投资界传奇大佬当场毫不犹豫地表示,会选择净资产收益率(Return On Equity,简称ROE),计算方式,是由净利润除以股东权益(或是净资产)所得出的结果。净资产收益率,又称股东权益报酬率、股本回报率、股权收益率、股本收益率和权益利润率等,是一种衡量企业经营效率的财务指标。ROE代表着企业运用股东投入的资金,能创造多少收益,反映出利用自有资金的赚钱效率。巴菲特把ROE指标视为“股票利息”,并以此和债券票面利息进行对比。
当然,在真实世界里,股票市场中的投资人并不仅仅是买入并持有,相反,许多投资人为了在公司盈利(上述12%的净资产收益率)中分得最大化的比例,试图以智谋战胜其他投资人。这种行为在总体上并不能增加收益,对公司净资产的增减没有明显的影响,更糟糕的是,由于这种行为产生了大量的摩擦成本,如顾问费用和经纪交易费用,实际上归属投资人的那部分收益反而减少了。如果再加上活跃的期权市场,这个对美国企业生产力毫无帮助,但却需要众人参与的赌博市场,其摩擦成本会更高。
In the real world, of course, investors in stocks don’t just buy and hold. Instead, many try to outwit their fellow investors in order to maximize their own proportions of corporate earnings. This thrashing about, obviously fruitless in aggregate, has no impact on the equity coupon but reduces the investor’s portion of it, because he incurs substantial frictional costs, such as advisory fees and brokerage charges. Throw in an active options market, which adds nothing to the productivity of American enterprise but requires a cast of thousands to man the casino, and frictional costs rise further.
解读:这个地方意思是,股票投资者不会获得超过12%的股票利息,尤其是因为短线交易带来的交易成本等摩擦成本,甚至是期权交易等这些额外的成本都是无法提升,美股整体上市公司的ROE指标的。
股票,没有到期日
Stocks are perpetual
在真实世界里,一个确定的事实是,股票投资人通常无法按净资产账面价值购买股票。虽然有时他们能以低于净资产的价格买入,但在大多数时候,他们只能以以高于净资产的价格买入,如果是溢价买入,获得12%的回报就更加困难了。稍后,我再谈论它们之间的关系。现在还是让我们回到主题上来:随着通胀率的上升,净资产收益率并没有随之提高。事实上,对那些购买股票就是为了要拥有固定回报的投资人而言,他们和那些购买债券的投资人并没有什么不同。
It is also true that in the real world investors in stocks don’t usually get to buy at book value. Sometimes they have been able to buy in below book; usually, however, they’ve had to pay more than book, and when that happens there is further pressure on that 12%. I’ll talk more about these relationships later. Meanwhile, let’s focus on the main point: as inflation has increased, the return on equity capital has not. Essentially, those who buy equities receive securities with an underlying fixed return just like those who buy bonds.
当然,从形式上看,股票和债券之间还是有一些明显不同的。首先,债券有一个终止期限,虽然要经历长时间的等待,但债券的持有人终会等到重新选择合同条款的那一天。如果现在的或未来的通胀率不能让他持有的存量债券令其满意,那么债券利率不作调整的话,他完全可以拒绝再玩下去。这种行为在最近几年时有发生。
Of course, there are some important differences between the bond and stock forms. For openers, bonds eventually come due. It may require a long wait, but eventually the bond investor gets to renegotiate the terms of his contract. If current and prospective rates of inflation make his old coupon look inadequate, he can refuse to play further unless coupons currently being offered rekindle his interest. Something of this sort has been going on in recent years.
相反,股票却是无限期的,也即股票没有任何到期日。无论美股上市公司的盈利状况如何,股票投资人都不得不和这些公司“共存”。如果美股上市公司命中注定只能赚12%(年均净资产收益率),股票投资人就必须学会适应这个收益水平。股票投资人作为一个整体,是无法中途退出或重新谈判的。因而,总的来说,股票投资人的投资金额确实是在不断增加,某些具体公司也许能被出售、清算或者回购自己的股票,但一般而言,新股票的发行以及保留盈余都会确保留在公司内部,其净资产(总额)不断增长。就这一点而言,债券更有优势。债券收益率可以重新谈判,而股票“利息”则不能。当然,对于一个长期利率为12%的“债券”而言,的确没有调整的必要。
Stocks, on the other hand, are perpetual. They have a maturity date of infinity. Investors in stocks are stuck with whatever return corporate America happens to earn. If corporate America is destined to earn 12%, then that is the level investors must learn to live with. As a group, stock investors can neither opt out nor renegotiate. In the aggregate, their commitment is actually increasing. Individual companies can be sold or liquidated and corporations can repurchase their own shares;on balance, however, new equity flotations and retained earnings guarantee that the equity capital locked up in the corporate system will increase. So, score one for the bond form. Bond coupons eventually will be renegotiated; equity “coupons” won’t. It is true, of course, that for a long time a 12% coupon did not appear in need of a whole lot of correction.
债券持有人得到现金兑付
The bondholder gets it in cash
我们这个新颖独特的、利率为12%的“权益票息”,它是身披着股票的证明文件出现在华尔街的化妆舞会上的,它和债券大家庭的其他成员有一个重要的不同点。在通常情况下,债券投资人是以现金的形式回收到期利息,然后尽其所能地将这些利息再投资出去。与之相反,股票投资人的“股票利息”,则部分地被公司保留,并以公司当时所能赚到的收益率再投资出去。换句话说,从公司的角度看,每年12%的利润(票息),一部分以分红的方式派发,其余则被保留在公司内部,继续赚取12%的利润 (票息 )。
There is another major difference between the garden variety of bond and our new exotic 12% “equity bond” that comes to the Wall Street costume ball dressed in a stock certificate. In the usual case, a bond investor receives his entire coupon in cash and is left to reinvest it as best he can. Our stock investor’s equity coupon, in contrast, is partially retained by the company and is reinvested at whatever rates the company happens to be earning. In other words, going back to our corporate universe, part of the 12% earned annually is paid out in dividends and the balance is put right back into the universe to earn 12% also.
昔日的好时光
The good old days
股票的这种特性,即将赚到的利息中的一部分进行再投资,可以是好事,但也可能变成坏事,到底是好事还是坏事取决于那12%收益率的相对吸引力。在整个20世纪50年代和60年代早期,它简直就是一件美妙无比的好事,在债券基准利率只有3%-4%的环境中,自动地以12%的收益率将息票中的一部分进行再投资,这个权利的价值是巨大的。需要提醒的是,投资人不可能在投入自有资本后,就自动获取那12%的回报,因为在这个时期里,股票价格已大大地超过了它的净资产值,所以,不论公司赚取的收益是多少,溢价使得投资人不可能完整地获得那部分收益。毕竟,你不可能为12%收益率的债券支付了过高的价格后,依然能赚12%的利息。
This characteristic of stocks — the reinvestment of part of the coupon — can be good or bad news, depending on the relative attractiveness of that 12%. The news was very good indeed in the 1950s and early 1960s. With bonds yielding only 3 or 4%, the right to reinvest automatically a portion of the equity coupon at 12% was of enormous value. Note that investors could not just invest their own money and get that 12% return. Stock prices in this period ranged far above book value, and investors were prevented by the premium prices they had to pay from directly extracting out of the underlying corporate universe whatever rate that universe was earning. You can’t pay far above par for a 12% bond and earn 12% for yourself.
但投资人依然可以享有保留盈余所带来的12%的利息(复利)。事实上, 在当时的经济环境下,保留盈余意味着,投资人可以按净资产买下这家公司的一部分,且购买所获取的价值远远高于其净资产。
But on their retained earnings, investors could earn 12%. In effect, earnings retention allowed investors to buy at book value part of an enterprise that, in the economic environment then existing, was worth a great deal more than book value.
在这种情况下,人们自然对现金分红敬而远之,而对盈利留存“三呼万岁”。想以12%的利息进行再投资的钱越多,这种投资特权就会显得愈加珍贵,投资人愿意为此付出的价格也就越高。在20世纪60年代早期,投资人心甘情愿地为坐落于经济成长地区的电力股支付高溢价,因为人们知道这些公司有能力将赚得的绝大部分利润进行再投资。而那些受经营环境所迫只能大量派发现金的公用事业股,它们的定价就相对较低。
It was a situation that left very little to be said for cash dividends and a lot to be said for earnings retention. Indeed, the more money that investors thought likely to be reinvested at the 12% rate, the more valuable they considered their reinvestment privilege, and the more they were willing to pay for it. In the early 19601s, investors eagerly paid top-scale prices for electric utilities situated in growth areas, knowing that these companies had the ability to re-invest very large proportions of their earnings. Utilities whose operating environment dictated a larger cash payout rated lower prices.
解读:这一段充分解释了,股票的魅力,ROE的复利,也是其和债券相类似的地方。更解释了为什么巴菲特更喜欢回购,而不喜欢喜欢现金分红的公司,尤其是其投资的上市公司ROE很高,自身获利能力极强的情况下,反而喜欢把盈利都留存在上市公司,而不是将利润分配给股东。
如果在同一时期,有一种高级别的、不可提前赎回的、收益率为12%的长期债券存在,它肯定能以远高于面值的价格出售。此外,如果这个债券还附有另一种不同寻常的特性——该债券的大部分利息可以按面值购买同一品种的债券,这些债券必将享受更高的发行溢价。从本质上讲,保留大部分盈利的成长股正代表了此类证券。如果债券利率为4%左右,而追加的权益资本的投资回报率是12%,投资人自然是十分“乐意”,当然,他们也不得不为此而支付同样“乐意”的价格。
If, during this period, a high-grade, noncallable, long-term bond with a 12% coupon had existed, it would have sold far above par. And if it were a bond with a further unusual characteristic — which was that most of the coupon payments could be automatically reinvested at par in similar bonds — the issue would have commanded an even greater premium. In essence, growth stocks retaining most of their earnings represented just such a security. When their reinvestment rate on the added equity capital was 12% while interest rates generally were around 4%, investors became very happy — and, of course, they paid happy prices.
准备退出
Heading for the exits
回顾历史,股票投资人可以认为自己在1946-1966年间享受到了异常丰厚的三重优惠。① 首先是得益于公司的净资产收益率远高于基准利率;② 其次是他们所获得的回报以在其他地方无法获得的高利率再投资出去;③ 最后由于前两点得到了日益广泛的认同,公司的权益资本受到了越来越多的追捧。最后一点带来的好处是,在获取12%的基本利息或者又被称为公司的权益资本盈利的基础上,投资人还获得了额外的收益,道琼斯工业指数的平均PB指标从1946年的1.33倍增长到1966年的2.2倍。在这个PB指标攀升的过程中,投资人所获得的回报阶段性地超过了他所投资的企业的“内生”盈利能力。
Looking back, stock investors can think of themselves in the 1946-66 period as having been ladled a truly bountiful triple dip. First, they were the beneficiaries of an underlying corporate return on equity that was far above prevailing interest rates. Second, a significant portion of that return was reinvested for them at rates that were otherwise unattainable. And third, they were afforded an escalating appraisal of underlying equity capital as the first two benefits became widely recognized. This third dip meant that, on top of the basic 12% or so earned by corporations on their equity capital, investors were receiving a bonus as the Dow Jones industrials increased in price from 133% of book value in 1946 to 220% in 1966. Such a marking-up process temporarily allowed investors to achieve a return that exceeded the inherent earning power of the enterprises in which they had invested.
20世纪60年代中期,众多大型投资机构终于“ 发现了”这个人间天堂,但就在这些金融大象们相互践踏着冲入股票市场的时候,我们恰好进入了一个通胀加速和利率上升的周期。非常合乎逻辑,这个上升周期开始反转了。上升的利率无情地削减着所有固定收益投资品种的价值,随着公司长期债券利率的上升(最终升到了10%),12%的“股票利息”和再投资特权也开始遭到另眼相看了。
This heaven-on-earth situation finally was “discovered” in the mid-1960s by many major investing institutions. But just as these financial elephants began trampling on one another in their rush to equities, we entered an era of accelerating inflation and higher interest rates. Quite logically, the marking-up process began to reverse itself. Rising interest rates ruthlessly reduced the value of all existing fixed-coupon investments. And as long-term corporate bond rates began moving up (eventually reaching the 10% area), both the equity return of 12% and the reinvestment “privilege” began to look different.
人们理所当然地认为,股票的风险高于债券。虽然这种“股票利息”在一段时间内是相对固定的,但在不同的年份里,它还是会有大幅波动的。这些数字的年度变化虽然是错误的,却非常明显地影响了投资人看待这些数字的态度,股票的相对危险性在于它的到期日遥遥无期(即使是热情的经纪人也不会将一个100年的债券,即使他有的话,当作一个“安全工具”来兜售)。由于这个附加的风险,投资人本能的反应是认为,“股票利息”如果要令人满意的话,必须高于债券回报。例如12%的 “股票利息 ”对比10%的债券利息,假设它们是由同一家公司发行的,这样的比例关系不能令人满意。随着息差的不断缩小,股票投资人开始寻找出路。
Stocks are quite properly thought of as riskier than bonds. While that equity coupon is more or less fixed over periods of time, it does fluctuate somewhat from year to year. Investors’ attitudes about the future can be affected substantially, although frequently erroneously, by those yearly changes. Stocks are also riskier because they come equipped with infinite maturities. (Even your friendly broker wouldn’t have the nerve to peddle a 100-year bond, if he had any available, as “safe.”) Because of the additional risk, the natural reaction of investors is to expect an equity return that is comfortably above the bond return — and 12% on equity versus, say, 10% on bonds issued by the same corporate universe does not seem to qualify as comfortable. As the spread narrows, equity investors start looking for the exits.
本文未完,敬请期待! |
|